Introduction To Biology - Theory and Question Answers
Question Answers and
Brief Topics from Chapter No 01 “Introduction To Biology” for class 9th, IX,
Ninth Class
Q.1: What Is science?
Ans: SCIENCE:
The word science is
derived from a Latin word meaning to know”.
DEFINITION:
Science is a way of
knowing.
OR
Science is the
study of nature.
Science emerges
from our curiosity about ourselves, the world and the universe.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF STUDYING SCIENCE:
·
It
helps us to understand the natural world.
·
Science
is concerned with information gained by observing and testing the natural
world.
BASICS
OF SCIENCE:
·
To
understand natural world science asks following questions.
·
How
did variety of living things evolve on earth?
·
In
what way they interact?
·
What
processes must occur in each organism?
·
Why
living things differ from nonliving?
Q.2: What Is biology? (class ix nots)
Ans: BIOLOGY:
Origin Of The Word:
The word biology
comes from two Greek words
Bios meaning life
Logos meaning discourse, thought, reasoning, or
in simply the study.
DEFINITI0N:
Biology is the
branch of natural science that deals with organisms and different
Phenomenon of life.
Q.3: What are the main branches of biology? (ninth class nots)
Ans:
MAIN BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY:
According to
revised classification biology is divided into three branches.
·
Botany:
Botany (Gr) means
plants.
Definition:
Botany is a branch
of biology which deals with scientific study of plants.
·
Zoology:
Zoo(Gr) means
animals
Definition:
Zoology is a branch
of biology which deals with scientific study of animals.
·
Microbiology:
Micro
means very small
Definition:
Microbiology deals
with the study of microscopic organisms.
Q.4: What in formations
are provided by the study of biology? (class 9th biology nots)
Ans:
INFORMATION’S PROVIDED BY BIOLOGY:
The study of
biology provides following information’s.
·
Variety Of
Organisms:
The study of
biology provides various kinds of living organisms existing on earth.
·
Existing And
Extinct Organisms:
Biology provides
the relation of existing organisms with extinct organisms.
·
Identification And
Classification:
Biology provides
the knowledge to identify the group of living organisms on the basis of
Similarities, dissimilarities
and relationship.
·
Structure And
Function:
Biology provides
the information about the structure and function of an organism.
·
Inheritance:
It provides the
information about the inheritance of characters from one generation to
next generation.
·
Relationship
Between Organisms And Environment:
It provides the information about the
relationships of organisms to their environment.
·
Effects:
Biology provides the information about the
harmful and beneficial effects produced by
different living organisms.
Q.5: Mention the Quranic verses which tell
that water is an origin of life? (Karachi board nots)
Ans:
WATER AS AN ORIGIN OF LIFE:
“We made every
living thing of water. Will they not then believe?”
(Surah
Al-Anbiya, Ayah 30)
“And Allah has
created every animal of water. Of them is (a kind) that goes upon its belly
and (a kind) that
goes upon two legs and (a kind) that goes upon four. Allah creates what
He will. Lo! Allah
is able to do all things.”
(Surah Al-Nur, Ayah
45)
“He it is who sends
down water form the sky and there with we bring forth buds of every
kind; we bring
forth the green blade from which we bring forth the thick-clustered grain;
and from the
date-palm, from the pollen thereof, spring pendant bunches; and (we bring
forth) gardens of
grapes, and the olive and the pomegranate alike and unlike. Look upon
the fruit thereof,
when they bear fruit, and upon its ripening. Lo! Herein verily are
portents for a
people who believe.”
(Su rab Al-An’am,
Ayah 100)
Who has appointed
the earth as a bed and has threaded roads for you therein and has
sent down water
form the sky and thereby we have brought forth divers kinds of
vegetation.
(Surah Ta-ha, Ayah
53)
Q.6: Mention the Quranic verse which reveals
some facts about the growth and variety of plants? (all subject class 9th nots)
Ans:
GROWTH AND VARIETY OF PLANTS:
“ And in the Earth
are neighboring tracts, vineyards and ploughed lands, and date-palms,
like and unlike
which are watered with one water. And we have made some of them to
excel others in
fruit. Lo’ Herein verily are portents for people who have sense.
(Surah Al-Ra’d,
Ayah 4)
Q.7: Mention the Quranic verse which refers
the wonderful act of production and interaction (bio nots)
of living and dead?
Ans: ACT OF PRODUCTION AND INTERACTION OF
LIVING AND DEAD:
“Lo! Allah (it ¡s)
who splitteth the grain of corn and the date-stone (for sprouting). He
brings forth the
living from the dead, and is the bringer-forth of the dead from the living.
Such is Allah.
How then are you
prevented?
(Surab Al-An’am,
Ayah 96)
Q.8: Mention the Quranic verse which
indicate the usefulness of plants and animals to the human welfare?
Ans: USEFULNESS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS:
“And Lo! In the
cattle there is a lesson for you. We give you to drink of that which is in
their bellies, from
betwixt the refuse and the blood pure milk palatable to the drinkers.”
(Surah Al-Nahal,
Ayah 66)
“And the earth have
We spread out and placed therein firm hills, and caused each seemly
thing to grow there
in.”
(Surah AI-Hijr Ayah
19)
“And thy Lord
inspired the bee, saying: choose thou habitations in the hills and in the trees
and in that which
they hatch; then eat of all fruits and follow the ways of thy lord made
smooth (for thee).
There cometh forth from their bellies a drink diverse of hues, wherein
is healing for
mankind Lo! Here is indeed a portent for people who reflect.”
(Surah Al-Nahal,
Ayah 68-69)
Q.9: Mention the Qurunic verse which informs
us about the mechanism of reproduction?
Ans: MECHANISM OF REPRODUCTION:
“Glory be to Him
Who created all the sexual pairs, of that which the earth growth, and of
themselves, and of that which they known
not!”
(Surah Ya-SeenAyah
36)
Q.1O: What concept Allama Abdullah Yousf Ah has
given about the water?
Ans: CONCEPT OF ALLAMA ABDULLAH YOUSF ABDULLAH
ABOUT WATER:
He symbolized water
with the protoplasm and explains that the protoplasm is the basis of
living matter and
the vital power of protoplasm seems to depend on the constant
presence of water.
Q.11: What are the main branches of biology
common to botany and zoology?
Ans: MAIN BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY:
·
Morphology:
Morpho meaning shape or form.
Logos meaning discourse, thought, reasoning or
study.
This is a branch of
biology which deals with the study of external characteristics of plants and
animals.
·
Anatomy:
Ana meaning up
tome meaning
to cut.
It
deals with the study of internal structures or organs of an organism. In plants
it deals with the arrangement of different types of tissues in root, stem, leaf
etc.
·
Histology:
Histos meaning tissue or web shape or form.
Logos meaning discourse, thought, reasoning or
study.
This is the study
of tissues of plants and animals under microscope.
·
Cytology:
Kytos
meaning cell or hollow vessel.
Logos meaning discouise, thought, reasoning or
study.
Cytology is the
study of structure, function and composition of cells and cell organelles in plants
and animals.
·
Physiology:
Phusis meaning nature or
function.
Logos meaning discourse, thought, reasoning or
study.
This is a branch of
biology which deals with the study of function and activities of various organs
of an organism e.g. plants and animals.
·
Ecology:
Olkos meaning house, home, environment.
Logos meaning discourse, thought, reasoning or
study.
Ecology
is the study of relationship of organisms with each other and with their non living
environment. It is also called environmental biology.
·
Embryology Or
Developmental Biology:
Embryon meaning embryo
Logos meaning discourse, thought, reasoning or
study.
It is the study of
progressive developmental changes which occur after zygote formation up to the
formation of organism.
·
Taxonomy:
Taxis meaning
arrangement or grouping.
Nonis meaning laws
related to naming.
It
deals with the description, identification, classification and scientific
naming of living organisms according to their similarities and dissimilarities.
·
Genetics:
Genesis meaning origin.
Genetics is the
study of transmission of hereditary characters, from parents to their offspring.
·
Paleontology:
Palaios meaning ancient
Ontos meaning being organisms
Logos meaning discourse, thought, reasoning or
study.
It is the study of
plants and animals now found as fossils in the rocks. It can further be divided
into two branches
·
Paleobota ny:
It is the study of plant fossils.
·
Paleozoology:
It is the study of animal fossils.
·
Biochemistry:
Bios meaning life.
Chemistry meaning study of
chemicals.
It deals with the
study of chemical reactions taking place in the living organism.
·
Microbiology:
Micro meaning very small
Bio meaning life
Logos meaning discourse,
thought, reasoning or study.
Microbiology deals with the study of
microscopic organisms such as virus, bacteria, fungus and some protozoans.
·
Biotechnology:
Bio meaning Life
Techno meaning technical
Logos meaning, discourse thought, reasoning or
study
Biotechnology deals
with the application of biological processes for the benefit of the mankind.
Q.12: Differentiate between Morphology and
Physiology?
Ans: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MORPHOLOGY AND
PHYSIOLOGY:
|
Morphology
|
Physiology
|
|
This is a branch
of biology which deals with the study of external characteristics of plants
and animals.
|
This is a branch
of biology which deals with
study of function
and activities of
various organs of
an organism e.g. plants and animals.
|
Q.13:
Differentiate between Histology and
Physiology?
Ans: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HISTOLOGY AND
CYTOLOGY:
|
Histology
|
Physiology
|
|
Histology is the
study of tissues of plants and animals under microscope.
|
Cytology is the
study of cells and their
organelles in
plants and animals.
|
Q.14: Describe the relationship of biology with
other branches of science?
Ans: BIOLOGY AND OTHER SCIENCES:
Every branch of
science deals with the living as well as nonliving things. Biology is
multidimensional
science. Biology includes information on various aspects of living things
which are linked
with knowledge of chemistry, physics, mathematics, sociology, statistics
etc.
Some of these
branches are discussed below.
·
Biochemistry:
Definition:
Biochemistry the branch of chemistry which
deals with the study of different
chemical compounds
found in organism and underlying chemical process in living
organism.
·
This
branch of science requires firm knowledge of biology and chemistry to explain
·
The
synthesis of bio molecules and their requirement.
·
Their
effects caused by the deficiency and efficiency of different molecules on the
organisms.
·
Their
metabolism.
Examples:
·
Synthesis
of protein.
·
Synthesis
of glucose in plants.
·
Biophysics:
Definition:
It is the branch of
physics which deals with the study of laws and techniques of physics to explain
·
The
metabolism of living organism.
·
To
find out the age of fossils.
Ø Radio Physics:
Definition:
It is one of the
sub-branches of biophysics where radioisotopes are used to trace the
translocation of
different material “in vivo” within the living organism.
Examples:
Ø Radio labeling determines the age of
fossils using radio active isotopes.
Ø Carbon dating
Ø Ultrasound use of sound waves.
Ø Laser technology shows some relationship with
biology.
Ø Biometry:
Definition:
It is the branch of
mathematics where data and measurements related to living
organisms are dealt
with. No biological research and data analysis is possible without
the knowledge of
mathematics and statistics.
Examples:
Ø Measurement of
leaves.
Ø Data collection of
different species e.g. counting of different colours of flowers of
the same specie etc.
v Behavioral Biology:
Definition:
Behavioral biology
deals with the facts of biology which are reflected in the study of
behaviors. It is an
intersection of biochemistry, genetics, physiology, evolutionary
theory and ecology.
v Bio-Sociology:
The study of behavior,
especially social behavior connects the social sciences and
humanities to
biology.
Q.15:
What is biological method? Explain it
to find the cause of malaria?
Ans: BIOLOGICAL METHOD
Definition:
A biological method
is a scientific method used to resolve the problem related to or
produced by a
living organism.
STEPS
OF Biological METHOD:
Biological method
consists of following steps.
v Observation
v Hypothesis
v Deduction
v Experimentation
v Result
v Law or theory
Observation:
Observations are
made to collect relevant information. For example malaria was greatest
killer disease. It
was common in marshy places. In 1878, a French Physician Laveran
studied the blood
of malaria patient under microscope and observed tiny creature
plasmodium in
blood.
Hypothesis:
Intelligent guess
in the form of statement on the basis of observed facts or available
information is
called hypothesis. In case of malaria following hypothesis is made.
“Plasmodium is the
cause of maIaria.
Deduction:
Deduction is the
logical explanation of a hypothesis. It does not require any type of
experimentation. In
case of malaria, following deduction was made. uIf plasmodium
causes malaria then
all persons having malaria should have plasmodium in their blood.”
Experiment:
Experiments are
conducted to test the deduction (prediction) to find out whether or not
the hypothesis ¡s
correct. For this purpose scientist performs two types of test.
v Control Group:
Control group means
a group of healthy people.
v Experimental Group:
Experimental group
means a group of malarial patients.
In order to find
out the real cause of malaria both groups were kept in identical
conditions and
scientists examined the blood of about loo malarial patients and also
examined the blood
of loo healthy persons.
Result:
It was proved from
above experiment that malarial patients had plasmodium in their
blood where as
blood of healthy persons was free of plasmodium. These results verified
the hypothesis i.e.
“Plasmodium is the cause of malaria.”
Theory:
As more and more
evidences come to hand in the favour of hypothesis, the hypothesis
gains increasing
acceptance and eventually ¡s promoted to the rank of a theory. A theory is
a set of scientific
assumptions consistent with one another and supported by evidence,
but not fully proved
e.g., theory of evolution.
Q.16: Distinguish between hypothesis and theory?
Biology Notes Theory And Question Answers
For Class 9th. Ninth - Question Answers Introduction To Biology
Ans: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY:
|
Hypothesis
|
Theoy
|
|
Definition
|
|
|
The hypothesis is a statement made by
scientists about a certain phenomenon, on
the basis of available information’.
|
The theory is a set o scientific
assumptions
with one another and supported by
evidence, but not fully proved.
|
|
Basis
|
|
|
It is made on intelligent guesses made by
scientists
|
It s made on gradual accumulation of
indirect evidences in favour of
hypothesis.
|
|
Example
|
|
|
“Plasmodium is the cause of malaria”.
|
“Theory of evolution”
|
Q.17: Write about the history of biology? (class
ix nots)
Ans: HISTORY OF BIOLOGY:
History of biology
is divided into following periods.
Early
Period:
Right from the
beginning man had knowledge about the animals and plants. He knows
about the external
features of plants and animals. He knows to grow plant and tend
domestic animals.
People of ancient Egypt and Far East know the structure of human
body, its ailment
and their treatment.
Greek
Period:
First noticeable
developments in biology occurred during the Greek period.
v Hippocrate:
He is known as the
father of medicine discovered many medicines and their sage.
v Aristotle: (384-332
BC)
He studied animals
extensively and wrote a book “Historia Animalia”.
v Carolus Linnaeus:
He is a founder of
biological classification, classified animals into two units i.e. genus and
species.
v Theophrastus:
He is known as
founder of botany described about 500 plants and discovered sex in plants.
v Roman Period:
Roman followed the
Greeks. In the 2 century Roman physician Galen, worked on physiology and wrote
many books.
Muslim
Period:
From the 8th to the
15th century Muslims studied others and translated the books into
Arabic, work new books
and opened numerous centers of learning. It encouraged original
research and
exchange of ideas between different human societies. The most outstanding
contribution of
Muslim scientist had been the use of experiments for the first time in
scientific study.
Modern
Period:
In the 15th century
in Europe many important scientific advancement were made.
Q.18: Write about the contributions of Muslim
scientists in the field of biology?
Ans: CONTRIBUTION OF MUSLIM SCIENTISTS:
Jabir-Bin-Hayan: (722- 817 A.D)
Jabir-Bin-Havan
wrote following books
Books:
v Al-Nabatat on
plants
v Al-Haywan on ani.
ais.
Abdul Maiik Asmai: (741 A.D)
He was regarded a
specialist of his time. He wrote following books.
Books:
v AI-Kheil describing
structure and function of body parts of horses.
v Al-Ibil describing
structure and function of body parts of camels.
v Al-Wahoosh
describing structure and function of body parts of wild animals.
v As-Sha describing
structure and function of body parts of sheep.
v Khalaqul Insan
describing structure and function of body parts of human being.
All-Bin
Rabban tubri: (775 870 A.D)
He was born in Tubristan. He was the
scholar of philosophy, zoology, psychology and astronomy.
Books:
v Firdus-ul-Hikma.
This book was with illustrations and detailed articles on philosophy, zoology
and astronomy.
Abu-Usman
Umer Al-Jahiz:
He described the
life system of ants and his own observations on seasonal migration of fishes in
Tigris River.
Book:
Al-Haywan which
described characteristics of 350 species of animals especially, about life of
ants.
Al-Farabi:
(870-950 A.D)
He was the renowned
Hakim of the Islamic world. He wrote two well-known books.
Books:
v Kitab-e-Nabatat.
v Kitab-ul-Haywanat.
Abul-Qasim
Al-Zahravi: (936 - 100 A.D)
He was regarded as
the renowned surgeon of Islamic world. He was famous for the removal of stone
from the urinary bladder.
Book:
( 9th class nots)
v Tasreef
Ibne-Al-Haitham:
(965 e 1039 A.D)
He was a great
optidan. He corrected the Greek conception of vision. He located retina as a seat
of vision.
Books:
v kitabeuleManazir
About eye.
v MlzaneuleHlkma
deals with medicines.
Bu ali-Sina:
(980- A.D)
He Is considered as
one of the founder of medidne, acknowledged by the great expert of
his time in
medicines In east and west. He was a doctor, philosopher, sdentlst, astronomer
and poet.
Books:
v Al-Qanoon
v Fil-Tib-Al-Shifa:
He described
lockjaw, leprosy, oral anesthetics, animal experimentation and malariatherapy
in his book.
Ziauddin-lbn-Baitar:
(13th Century A.D)
He was highly
respected among the botanist of his time. He specialized in the study of
plants. He
discovered and studied many species of plants in different countries.
lbn-AI-Nafees:
(13th Century A.D)
He was also known
as second lbn-e-Sina. He was the first to describe the process of blood circulation
in human body.
Kamal-Ud-Din-Al-Damiri:
(14th Century A.D)
He was the greatest
Zoologist.
Book
Hayat-al-Haywan:
This book deals
with the characteristics of 1000 kinds of animals. 9th class biology nots,
All-Bin-Isa:
He was well, known
eye specialist of his time. He worked on structure, function and
diseases of the
eye. He described 130 eye diseases in three volumes of his book. He told
the names of foods
useful for the cure of eye diseases.
Book:
Tazki
rat-ut-Kohleen (eye encyclopedia)
Abul-Qasim
Majreetl:
He wrote a book on
animal species. He is specially known in Europe for his book on animal species.
Q.19:
Write about the contribution of non-Muslim scientists in the field of biology?
Ans:
CONTRIBUTION OF NON MUSLIM SCIENTISTS:
After 15th century,
European and other biologists made important contribution in the field of
biology.
William
Harvey: (1576-1657 A.D)
He described
circulation of blood with experimental evidence.
Galileo:
(1610)
He invented
microscope to examine small organisms.
Robert
Hook: (1665)
He discovered the
basic unit of living organisms “cell”.
Linnaeus:
(1707-1778 A.D)
He
developed the method of nomenclature and classification for plants and animals.
He classified them into two units i.e. genus and species, Therefore he was
called father of taxonomy.
Schleiden
And Schawan: (1839)
They worked on the
detailed structure of plant and animal cell. They finally proposed cell theory.
Louis
Pasteur: (1822-1895)
He discovered
bacteria as a cause of many diseases like tuberculosis.
Joseph
Lister: (1860)
He discovered
antiseptics e.g.
v Iodine
v Carbolic acid
E-Jennar:
(1896)
He discovered
method of vaccination against small pox.
Charles
Darwin: (1859)
v He proposed the
theory of “Natural Selection”
v He wrote his famous
book “Origin of species” about evolution of different species through natural
selection.
Gregor
John Mendel: (1822-1884)
v He laid foundation
of genetics
v He proposed his
famous laws of heredity called Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Watson
And Crick: (1953)
v They proposed
double helix model of DNA to explain the function of DNA as heredity
material.
v They opened the
door for genetic engineering.
Q.20:
What is the impact of biological
studies on human welfare?
Ans: IMPACT OF BIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HUMAN
WELFARE:
Biology has made
enormous impact on human welfare. Some of these are discussed below.
PRODUCTION
OF FOOD:
Crops:
Due to biological
researches in the fields of pest control, genetics and biotechnology man
has improved the
quality and quantity of crops like wheat, maize, rice and barely. Certain
new varieties of
crops have been produced using these techniques.
Fruit
And Vegetables:
Man grew different
vegetables and fruits to supplement his diet by using biological
techniques.
Dairy
Product:
Man has improved
the quality and quantity of dairy products by developing dairy farming,
poultry farming,
kettle farming etc.
Advantages
Of Improved Quality Arid Quantity Of Food:
Improved quality
and quantity of food products helps
v to overcome the
problem of food storage.
v to decline the
incidence of famine.
v to improve the
economic conditions for mankind.
v
IMPROVEMENT
OF HEALTH:
Discovery
And Development Of Medicines:
To improve the
health problems of mankind discovery and development of following
played very
important role.
v New medicines
v Vaccines
v Antibiotics
v Medical equipment’s
Advantages:
v Many fatal and
epidemic diseases such as smallpox, tetanus, diphtheria and polio can
easily be
controlled because of development of vaccines against these diseases.
v There is a great
deduction in infant mortality, is due to the development of new
medicines and
medical equipment.
v Every day new drugs
are constantly being developed by biologists, fight against the
pathogenic organism
enabling to improve the health problems.
IMPROVEMENT
OF ENVIRONMENT:
Rapid
industrialization has resulted in pollution of surroundings including air, land
and
water sources. This
pollution leaves very harmful effects on human beings, animal and
plant life.
Biologists now are finding out the ways and means to overcome the pollution
and eliminate the
pollutants through biological research, for providing pollution free
Healthy
environment.
GENETICS
ENGINEERING:
Technique:
It is a technique
in which gene (DNA) of an organisms is carried out to seek benefits for
mankind. It is also
called recombinant DNA technology.
Examples:
Production
Of Insulin:
Human insulin
(Humalin) is produced by adding human gene in bacterial DNA. In this way
insulin is produced
on commercial basis for treating diabetes.
Production
Of Drugs:
Gene controlling
the synthesis of important drugs and hormones can be taken from the
organism in which
they occur naturally and placed in bacterial or other type of organism.
Hereditary
Diseases:
v Many hereditary
diseases in unborn child can now be diagnosed.
v Recent research has
led to the hope that cystic fibrosis a hereditary disease in which
thick mucous
secretion of a individual clogs the air ways of lungs liver / pancreas will soon
be treated.
Tissue
Culture
It is a technique
¡n which a tissue of a body is cultured in artificial medium in sterilized environment.
Cloning:
Cloning is a
technique of producing identical living things.
Q.21:
Mention the Quranic verses to explain Islamic view about the origin of life?
Ans:
ULTIMATE CREATOR:
“He is the Creator
of the heavens and the earth”.
(Surah Al-An ‘am,
Ayah 102)
“That is Allah your
Lord. There is no God but Him, the Creator of all things. Therefore,
serve Him. He is
the Guardian of all things”.
(Surah Al-An ‘am
Ayah 103)
CREATION
OF MAN:
We did create man
from an essence of clay”.
(Surah
Al-Mominoon-Ayah 12)
“He (Allah) who
created all things in the best way. He first created man from clay, then
bred hi offspring
from a drop of paltry fluid. He then moulded him and breathed into him
of His spirit. He
gave your eyes and ears, and hearts: yet you are seldom thankful”.
(Surah Al-Sajida-Ayah
7-9)
PROCESS
OF REPRODUCTION:
“Then fashioned we
the drop a clot, then fashioned we the clot a little lump, then
fashioned we the
little lump bones, then clothed the bones with flesh.
(Surah
Al-Mominoon-Ayah-14)
“Hath there come
upon man (every) any period of time in which he was a thing unremembered”.
(Surah Al-Dahar,
Ayah 1)
Q.22:
What do you mean by a biogenesis and biogenesis?
Ans:
A BIOGENESIS
According to this
old belief that living things can spontaneously develop from the non
living things is
termed as a biogenesis.
BIOGENESIS:
All Living things
arise from their parents.
OR
Living beings can
develop only from other living beings, is termed as biogenesis.
OR
Life always comes
from life.
Q.23: Differentiate between a biogenesis and biogenesis?
Biology Notes Theory And Question Answers
For Class 9th. Ninth - Question Answers Introduction To Biology
Ans: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A BIOGENESIS AND
BIOGENESIS:
|
A Biogenesis
|
Biogenesis
|
|
Definition
|
|
|
According to old
belief that living things can spontaneously develop from the non living is
termed as abiogenesis.
|
The living beings can develop only from
other living being, is called biogenesis.
|
|
Example
|
|
|
Aristotle believed that fishes, frogs and
aquatic insects were spontaneously developed from mud
|
Eggs of flies give rise to maggots which
form pupae and ultimately flies emerge
from them.
|
Q.24:
Describe briefly the Redi’s experiment
in favour of biogenesis?
Ans: REDI’S EXPERIMENTS:
EXPERIMENTS No. 1:
Procedure:
Redi placed dead snakes in the jar.
Observation:
Flies gathered
around the dead snakes. After three days maggots were appeared in their
bodies. After
eighteen days maggots were transformed into pupae. He transferred some
of pupae into a
separate jar covered with a sheet of paper. After eight days flies were
emerged from every
pupa. All these flies were similar to those which visited the body of
dead snake.
Conclusion:
Flies laid down eggs
on the dead snakes. These eggs gave rise maggots which formed
pupae and
ultimately flies emerged from them, so it was proved that only living being
give
rise to living
being.
EXPERIMENTS
NO. 2:
Procedure:
Redi placed dead
snakes and fishes in the eight bottles, four were kept open and four
were covered.
Observation:
After a few days maggots appeared in the
open bottles only.
Conclusion:
This experiment
proves that living beings give rise to living beings because if the flies were
prevented from
entering the bottles, the maggots did not appear.
EXPERIMENTS
No. 3:
Some
scientists criticized that air essential for abiogenesis could not enter the
jars. To test
this he conducted
another experiment.
Procedure
Redi placed some
pieces of meat in a bottle whose mouth was covered with gauze. Thus
only air could
enter the bottle while flies remained outside the bottle. He placed this
bottle in a box
made of netting.
Observation:
It was observed
that no maggots appeared on the pieces of meat even after many days.
Conclusion:
This experiment
proved that only living beings give rise to living beings of their own kind.
Thus the concept of
biogenesis is correct, and that of abogenesis is wrong.
Q.25:
Describe the Needham’s experiment?
Ans:
NEEDHAM’S EXPERIMENT:
Procedure:
Needharn boiled
meat in water, poured this gravy in bottles and sealed their mouth with
cork.
(Biology Notes Theory And Question
Answers For Class 9th. Ninth - Question Answers Introduction To Biology)
Observation:
After few days
micro-organism were produced in their sealed bottles.
Conclusion:
Once again
believers of abiogenesis excited i.e., life from non-life.
Q.26:
Describe Pasteure’s experiment in
favour of biogenesis?
Ans : PASTE LIRE’S EXPERIMENT:
In 1864 Louis
Pasteure performed the experiment in front of the commission of noted
biologists.
Procedure:
v He took flasks
shaving long curved S - shaped necks.
v He added
fermentable infusion (yeast + sugar + water) in bottles and left their mouth open.
v Flasks containing
the yeast infusions were boiled and let steam released out of the
neck of each flask.
v Then flasks were
allowed to cool.
Observations:
v No life was
produced even after the lapse of several days, because micro organisms
entering along with
air got stuck up in on the curved walls of glass neck.
v To prove this he
broke up the curved necks, so in such a way that contaminated air
could reach
directly to the infusion, k was observed that micro-organisms were
produced within 48
hours.
Conclusion:
This experiment
proved that no Life could be produced if care is taken and no micro
organisms or their
spores are allowed to reach the infusion. Commission decided in favour
of biogenesis.
Q.27:
Describe the chemical and organic evolution of earth, primitive atmosphere,
formation
of
amino acids, proteins and first life?
Ans:
CHEMICAL AND ORGANIC EVOLUTION OF EARTH
v In the beginning
the universe was very hot point where matter and energy were not
distinguishable.
v About 15 billion
years ago, there was a Big Bang.
v The universe
started expanding and the temperature dropped drastically.
v About 4.6 billion
years ago our earth and other planets appeared as a part of our solar
system.
THE
PRIMITIVE ATMOSPHERE:
v The primitive
atmosphere of the earth was rich in hydrogen.
v Soon gases from the
very hot and liquid core of the earth added more elements to this
atmosphere. At this
stage earth atmosphere was consisted of carbon mono- oxide,
carbon-dioxide,
hydrogen, nitrogen, water vapours. It hardly had any free oxygen.
v With the passage of
time, atmospheric temperature gradually dropped allowing
condensation and
heavy rains which caused the formation of oceans.
FORMATION
OF AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEINS:
v Thunder and
lightning spark together with ultraviolet radiation caused reactions of the
Atmospheric gases. This led to the formation of simple organic
molecules.
v These molecules
came down with air and accumulated in the oceans, lakes, rivers and
the soil over a
long period of time.
v These molecules had
chances to interact in this environment and produced amino
acids and proteins
which are the building blocks of life.
FIRST
LIFE:
v Perhaps the first
life was in the form of sphere of naked protein or RNA. It was capable
of making its
copies.
v At some stage, a
membrane was formed around the sphere giving rise to the first cell.
v This first life
respired an aerobically because the earth’s atmosphere lacked free
oxygen.
v It reproduced
asexually.
v The first living
organism may have been like viruses according to non-Muslim scientists.
Q.28:
What is our opinion being a Muslim about the origin of life?
Ans:
MUSLIMS OPINION ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF LIFE:
According to the
theory of chemical and organic evolution new forms of life have been
arisen from older
ones through variations and the human beings were formed from
monkey by the
process of evolution.
We the Muslim do
not believe in this theory. We believe that there is a creator who has
created everything
of this universe. We believe in his supreme authority.
Allah reveals ¡n
verse 82 of Surah Yaseen.
Verily, His
command, when he intends a thing, ¡s only that he says to it, “Be!” — and it
is!
Biology Notes Theory And Question Answers
For Class 9th. Ninth - Question Answers Introduction To Biology
Comments
Post a Comment